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Learn the complete process of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) — from its principle, steps, and components to real-world amplification limits, enzyme fidelity, and PCR enhancers like DMSO, betaine, and glycerol. Read More
Learn how RFLP and STR-based polymorphic markers are used in genetic diagnostics. Explore real-world applications like sickle cell testing and maternal cell contamination detection, and why older techniques like RFLP still hold value today. Read More
Learn how Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) can be diagnosed using a DraI-based PCR-RFLP technique. Read More
Learn how QF-PCR helps detect sex chromosome aneuploidies like Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and XYY. This article explains key markers like AMELXY, SRY, T1, T3, and X-STRs in simple terms with a focus on clinical interpretation. Read More
Learn how to use SYBR Green qPCR to detect heterozygous gene deletions. Step-by-step guide with data analysis, interpretation, and troubleshooting tips for polymorphic dropout. Read More
Learn how to validate heterozygous gene deletions using SYBR Green-based qPCR. Step-by-step guide with melt curve analysis, and ΔCt/ΔΔCt interpretation. Read More
Learn how to use the NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer to accurately measure DNA concentration and assess sample purity. Understand the principles of absorbance photometry, key wavelength choices (260, 280, 230 nm), and how to interpret 260/280 and 260/230 ratios. Read More
Learn how to design PCR/Sanger sequencing primers using Ensembl and NCBI Primer-BLAST with a real-life example. A complete step-by-step guide for genetics labs and clinicians. Read More
A complete guide to PCR and sequencing primer design: length, Tm, GC content, dimers, specificity, and software tools—made simple and practical. Read More
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a widely used laboratory technique for the separation and analysis of DNA fragments. This method exploits the negative charge of DNA, which allows it to migrate through a gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. The technique not only enables the visualization of DNA but also allows researchers to... Read More