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A complete guide to PCR and sequencing primer design: length, Tm, GC content, dimers, specificity, and software tools—made simple and practical. Read More
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a widely used laboratory technique for the separation and analysis of DNA fragments. This method exploits the negative charge of DNA, which allows it to migrate through a gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. The technique not only enables the visualization of DNA but also allows researchers to... Read More
Extracting DNA is one of the most fundamental techniques in molecular biology. Whether you’re studying human genetics, diagnosing inherited diseases, or performing forensic analysis, the first step is always the same: isolating high-quality, intact DNA. One of the most reliable and cost-effective techniques for this is the Salting Out Method. This article walks you through... Read More
Introduction Non‑Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) has revolutionized prenatal screening by enabling the detection of common aneuploidies through a simple maternal blood sample. But behind every “high risk” or “low risk” result lies complex statistical modeling: most notably involving tools like Z‑scores and Log‑Likelihood Ratios (LLRs). While both aim to assess whether a fetus may have... Read More